THE CIVIL CODE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN: RECODIFICATION OR MODERNIZATION? M.K. SULEIMENOV

M.K. Suleimenov

Director of the Research Institute of Private Law at Caspian University, Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Doctor of Legal Sciences, Professor, Senior Partner of The Zanger Law Firm

The Civil Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Recodification or Modernization?

Concepts
Recodification, as I understand it, means essentially adopting an entirely new code. Formally, this would take the following form: the Civil Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan (new version). This is precisely what the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan intends to do. Professor F.S. Karagussov has also repeatedly expressed his support for recodification.
Modernization, on the other hand, means improving the existing Civil Code. Such improvement may be achieved by introducing targeted amendments to the Civil Code (which is what we have been doing since its adoption). However, it may also involve a fundamental restructuring of the principal institutions of civil law. This is the approach proposed by the Research Institute of Private Law in its “Proposals for the Improvement of Civil Legislation” dated July 15, 2026, which were submitted to the Ministry of Justice. The Proposals were prepared by the staff of the Research Institute of Private Law, together with A.K. Kaldybayev, Candidate of Legal Sciences, Professor at Caspian University and member of the Interdepartmental Working Group on the Improvement of Civil Legislation. I must also acknowledge the significant organizational and scholarly contribution made by K.M. Ilyassova, Doctor of Legal Sciences and Professor, to the development of the Proposals.
It should be noted that the concepts of “recodification” and “modernization” are often confused. Terms such as transformation, renewal, reform, and improvement are also used. The term “modernization” is frequently employed when what is actually meant is recodification.
In principle, I am also in favor of recodification. I recognize that the existing Civil Code still retains many remnants of the former communist regime. It is unlikely that these can be eliminated merely by abolishing the right of economic management and the right of operational management, or by introducing targeted amendments to the Civil Code.
However, a question arises that proponents of recodification do not always take into account: what resources and procedures are required to carry out the recodification process?
I will attempt to answer this question briefly by comparing the experience of countries that have already undertaken or are currently undertaking recodification, on the one hand, with that of Kazakhstan, on the other.

Recodification in Ukraine, Moldova, and Uzbekistan
The most extensive transformations of civil codes have taken place in Ukraine and Moldova and, to some extent, are currently taking place in Uzbekistan.

1. Text contained in the Proposals of the Research Institute of Private Law for the Improvement of Civil Legislation dated July 15, 2026
I will now reproduce the text concerning Ukraine, Moldova, and Uzbekistan contained in the Proposals of the Research Institute of Private Law for the Improvement of Civil Legislation dated July 15, 2026 (this text was prepared primarily by Professor F.S. Karagussov).

Ukraine. The recodification of civil legislation is currently well underway in Ukraine.
Professor N.S. Kuznetsova, who actively participated in the drafting of the Model Civil Code for the CIS countries, notes that “the Ukrainian Civil Code, which was adopted earlier than the other codes, may have reproduced the provisions of the Model Code textually to a lesser extent than they did; nevertheless, the Model Code undoubtedly had considerable methodological significance for us.” The draft of Ukraine's current Civil Code was developed over a period of more than ten years, adopted in January 2003, and entered into force in January 2004. From the outset, the drafting process was guided by the objective of harmonizing national civil legislation with European Union law and by “the need to demonstrate to members of the European community Ukraine's genuine readiness to adopt European legal standards and thereby significantly strengthen the position of the European Union in one of the largest states of the former USSR.” However, due to a range of objective and subjective circumstances, the Ukrainian Civil Code was adopted “with substantial omissions.”
Today, however, Ukraine's integration into the European sphere, intensive globalization processes, and the development in Europe, in cooperation with the wider international community, of numerous non-binding instruments aimed at harmonization have created new challenges for the Ukrainian state in the field of lawmaking and encourage it to follow European trends in improving private law legislation.
In this connection, in July 2019, a resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine established a Working Group on the Recodification (Renewal) of Ukrainian Civil Legislation. The Working Group developed the Concept for the Renewal of the Civil Code of Ukraine, which was extensively and actively discussed within the legal community, with foreign legal experts also invited to participate in the discussions. At present, all nine Books of the new Civil Code of Ukraine have been submitted to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine for consideration and are being actively discussed (several of the Books have already been adopted).

Moldova. Although, following the dissolution of the USSR and the attainment of state independence, the Civil Code of the Republic of Moldova was drafted primarily with reference to Romanian and French legislation rather than the Model Civil Code, Moldova has already successfully modernized the Civil Code adopted after the country gained independence.
According to Professor S. Băieșu, who actively participated in both working groups — the one responsible for drafting Moldova's first Civil Code and the one tasked with preparing the draft of the currently applicable modernized Civil Code of Moldova:
“On June 6, 2002, the Civil Code was adopted and entered into force on June 12, 2003. The Civil Code is the most comprehensive and detailed legislative act governing private law matters in the Republic of Moldova. Having the status of an organic law, it regulates the legal status of persons, property, obligations, succession, and private international law.
[Several years later], by Order No. 519 of the Minister of Justice of the Republic of Moldova dated December 3, 2013, a Working Group was established to introduce amendments and supplements to the Civil Code. Together with the Ministry of Justice, the Working Group developed draft amendments and supplements to the Civil Code, as well as to other relevant legislative acts.
The draft of [these] amendments and supplements to the Civil Code represented an important step forward and a major undertaking in modernizing the national legal framework and bringing it into conformity with the most advanced standards applied internationally, while also taking into account the difficulties encountered in interpreting and applying the existing version of the Civil Code.
In November 2018, the Law on the Modernization of the Civil Code was adopted and entered into force on March 1, 2019.”

Uzbekistan. In 2019, the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Sh. Mirziyoyev, instructed that a new version of the Civil Code be drafted within one year and submitted to the Government by April 1, 2020. In particular, Presidential Order No. R-5464 of April 5, 2019, “On Measures to Improve the Civil Legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan,” established a Working Group responsible for preparing a new version of the Civil Code of Uzbekistan. The Working Group included distinguished Uzbek scholars specializing in civil law, as well as foreign experts.
As noted in published sources:
“The Civil Code is a key regulatory legal act governing economic relations.
The current version was adopted 23 years ago (in 1995–1996) and has, in many respects, fallen behind contemporary requirements. The principal directions of the forthcoming work are outlined in the Concept for the Improvement of Civil Legislation.”
As early as June 2020, information was published indicating that the Roadmap for the Implementation of the National Human Rights Strategy of the Republic of Uzbekistan (see Presidential Decree No. UP-6012 of June 22, 2020) envisaged extensive legislative work across various branches of law, including the adoption of a new version of the Civil Code.
Clearly, this does not involve a complete abandonment of the existing Civil Code. At the same time, it is evident that the proposed new version of the Civil Code of Uzbekistan entails genuine reform and, in certain respects, even revolutionary changes both in legislation and in socio-economic relations.
For example, the Civil Code is to be supplemented by a new chapter establishing the legal foundations of neighborhood law, and the substance of the proposed provisions generally corresponds to the manner in which such relations are regulated in developed and developing legal systems.
There is also an apparent intention to reform the system of legal entities and the system of rights in rem. In particular, the introduction of the institution of legal entities governed by public law is envisaged. This concept has been incorporated into the civil legislation of most OECD member states, as well as certain states of the former USSR.
“Particularly deserving of support is the complete and unconditional abolition of the state enterprise as an organizational and legal form of legal entity, as well as the elimination of the legal constructs of the right of economic management and the right of operational management, inherited from the Soviet economic system, which serve as the legal basis for state enterprises' rights to state property assigned to them.
The attempt to establish a new foundation for the modernization of corporate legislation is also highly relevant.”
In November 2020, it was announced that the draft of the new version of the Civil Code had been made available for public discussion.
For various reasons, the revised Civil Code of Uzbekistan has not yet been adopted. However, as has become known from discussions with Uzbek colleagues, work on refining the draft law is being resumed with the intention of accelerating the recodification of civil legislation.

My Comments
I will now offer my own comments on the process of recodification of civil legislation in these countries.
Ukraine. The Working Group was established in Ukraine in July 2019. The draft Civil Code was submitted to the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine this year. Six years of intensive work.
The Working Group consisted exclusively of highly qualified legal scholars and was headed by two outstanding academics — Professors Natalia Semyonovna Kuznetsova and Anatoliy Stepanovich Dovgert. The Working Group operated with considerable autonomy, while enjoying strong support from the Government and the Verkhovna Rada.
Civil law scholars were particularly fortunate that the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine is headed by Ruslan Alekseevich Stefanchuk — Doctor of Legal Sciences, Professor, an outstanding civil law scholar, and the author of 500 scholarly publications (specializing in the theory of private law, personal non-property rights, contractual obligations, and European private law).
Moreover, even while teaching at Khmelnytskyi University, he was already engaged in issues concerning the codification of legislation. In particular, together with his brother Mykola Alekseevich, he published a remarkable work: Codification of National Legislation in the Ukrainian Lands, in two volumes (Kyiv: Pravova Yednist, 2009).
The brothers gave me a copy of this book as a gift, and I still take great pleasure in studying it from time to time. This work played an important role in the development of Ukrainian national consciousness.
Thus, the draft Civil Code was prepared by civil law scholars, each a specialist in their respective field. For example, Olena Velioninovna Kokhanovska specializes in intellectual property law; A.S. Dovgert in private international law; Oleksiy Aleksandrovich Kot in property rights; and N.S. Kuznetsova possesses an excellent understanding of virtually all institutions of civil law and therefore exercises overall leadership.
There is not a single government official in the Working Group, with the exception of R.A. Stefanchuk, who participates not in his capacity as a government official but as a professor of civil law.
Conclusion. Drafting period: six years. Composition of the Working Group: professors specializing in civil law. No interference by government officials.

Moldova. I have less information about Moldova. However, the essential points are as follows.
The Working Group was established on December 3, 2013. The new Civil Code was adopted in November 2018.
The Working Group consisted of civil law scholars under the leadership of Professor Sergiu Băieșu, who had also headed the Working Group responsible for drafting Moldova's first Civil Code. Continuity.
Incidentally, N.S. Kuznetsova also headed the Working Group responsible for preparing the draft of Ukraine's first Civil Code.
No interference by government officials.
Speaking of Sergiu Băieșu, I first met him quite some time ago, when he was Dean of the Faculty of Law at Chișinău State University. Even then, I was struck by the unquestioned authority he enjoyed in Moldova.
Since that time, we have met quite frequently. I have visited him in Moldova on several occasions to attend various academic conferences. For many years, he has regularly attended our annual Civil Law Readings without interruption. At these gatherings, Professor S. Băieșu invariably tells us about the innovations they intend to introduce, or have already introduced, into the new Civil Code.
A distinctive feature of Moldova's Civil Code is that it is modeled on the Romanian Civil Code, which, in turn, draws upon the French Civil Code. Consequently, the Moldovan Civil Code differs significantly from the civil codes of other post-Soviet countries, which are based on the German Civil Code (Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, BGB).
Conclusion. Drafting period: five years. Composition of the Working Group: professors specializing in civil law. No interference by government officials.

Uzbekistan. In 2019, the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Sh. Mirziyoyev, instructed that a new version of the Civil Code be drafted within one year and submitted to the Government by April 1, 2020.
A purely bureaucratic approach. It is painfully reminiscent of the orders and resolutions issued by our own government officials. They issue instructions, set unrealistic deadlines, and then we either end up with shoddy work — and harmful shoddy work at that — or with a failure to carry out the instructions, accompanied by all the bureaucratic consequences that follow.
Naturally, this instruction was not fulfilled, nor could it have been. The new version of Uzbekistan's Civil Code has still not been adopted. And this is both natural and appropriate. An act of such comprehensive scope cannot be prepared in one or two years.
Nevertheless, the initial draft was prepared by a Working Group established by a presidential resolution. Its members included foreign experts, notably Rolf Knieper, Professor at the University of Bremen.
The draft was submitted to Parliament but was subsequently withdrawn. Responsibility for its further development was transferred to the Institute of Legislation under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan, where work on the draft continues to this day.
Professor F.S. Karagussov and I visited this institute during our stay in Tashkent for events commemorating the centenary of the birth of my friend, Professor Khadzhi-Akbar Rakhmankulov, who headed the team of authors responsible for drafting the Civil Code of Uzbekistan and who, regrettably, passed away prematurely.
It is an excellent institute, housed in an impressive building equipped with state-of-the-art technology and staffed by a strong team of highly qualified researchers, including specialists in civil law.
This is hardly surprising, considering that staff salaries can reach the equivalent of USD 3,500. Under such conditions, it is no wonder that the institute can afford to recruit the most highly qualified specialists.
Unfortunately, the institute's director, Mir-Akbar Rakhmankulov, recently passed away unexpectedly, leaving the future of both the institute and the draft Civil Code uncertain.
Conclusion. The drafting period has already exceeded seven years. Composition of the Working Group: professors specializing in civil law.

Recodification in Kazakhstan
Let us now examine how this process has been organized in Kazakhstan.
1. By Order No. 749 of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated September 4, 2024, an Interdepartmental Working Group on the Improvement of Civil Legislation was established.
The composition of the Working Group was as follows:
Chairperson: Minister of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Deputy Chairperson: Vice-Minister of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Members:
Deputy heads of government bodies (as necessary for the discussion of sector-specific matters);
Deputy Chairperson of the Management Board of the Atameken National Chamber of Entrepreneurs (subject to agreement);
Director of the Institute of Legislation and Legal Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan (subject to agreement);
Director of the Institute of Parliamentarism (subject to agreement);
Chairperson of the Republican Bar Association (subject to agreement);
Chairperson of the Republican Notarial Chamber (subject to agreement);
Chairperson of the Republican Association of Legal Consultants (subject to agreement);
Representatives of the academic and expert communities (subject to agreement).
This was the first stage.
2. The second stage. By letter dated May 14, 2026, the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan invited all research and educational institutions to nominate candidates for membership in the Interdepartmental Working Group on the Improvement of Civil Legislation.
All institutions responded, and a group comprising 57 members was thus formed. This was in addition to the ten individuals already specified in Order No. 749 (the Minister of Justice, the Vice-Minister, and other senior officials).
Among all these government officials, scholars, and specialists — each undoubtedly competent in their respective field of activity — I counted (apart from the staff of Caspian University) only four individuals who, in my opinion, are capable of competently undertaking the recodification of civil legislation.
These are F.S. Karagussov, Doctor of Legal Sciences (although he is also a member of the Research Institute of Private Law at Caspian University), and A.B. Omarova, E.V. Nesterova, and S.V. Skryabin, all Candidates of Legal Sciences.
It is obvious that this enormous Working Group is incapable of producing anything worthwhile in terms of recodifying the Civil Code.
Effective work requires a small, closely coordinated group that would not merely offer various recommendations (something at which we are all particularly adept), but would actually draft the text of the Civil Code.
3. As an example, I will refer to the composition of the Working Group that prepared the draft of the current Civil Code.
By Resolution No. 1173 of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated October 19, 1994, the draft Civil Code (General Part) was submitted to the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan for consideration.
The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan was identified as the initiator of the draft law, and the composition of the Working Group was specified as follows:

1. Maidan Kuntuarovich Suleimenov — Head of the Working Group, Director of the Institute of State and Law of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Doctor of Legal Sciences (Head);

2. Yuri Grigorievich Basin — Professor at Al-Farabi Kazakh State National University, Doctor of Legal Sciences (Deputy Head);

3. Boris Vladimirovich Pokrovsky — Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of State and Law of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Candidate of Legal Sciences;

4. Tolesh Erdenovich Kaudyrov — Chairperson of the National Patent Office, Candidate of Legal Sciences;

5. Rashat Salakhovich Tazutdinov — Candidate of Legal Sciences;

6. Alexei Ivanovich Khudyakov — Head of the Department of Administrative Law at Al-Farabi Kazakh State University, Candidate of Legal Sciences;

7. Iskander Urazovich Zhanaidarov — Associate Professor at Karaganda University, Candidate of Legal Sciences;

8. Kulgaysha Vakhitovna Mukasheva — Associate Professor at Al-Farabi Kazakh State University, Candidate of Legal Sciences;

9. Urdagali Kazhgalievich Ikhsanov — Judge of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Candidate of Legal Sciences;

10. Bakhyt Bazarbaevich Bazarbayev — Associate Professor at Al-Farabi Kazakh State University, Candidate of Legal Sciences;

11. Olga Ivanovna Chentsova — President of Equitas Law Firm, Candidate of Legal Sciences;

12. Valery Alimkhanovich Zhakenov — President of Inside-Zan Law Firm, Candidate of Legal Sciences;

13. Gaziz Ibragimovich Tuleugaliyev — Head of the Department of Civil Law at Al-Farabi Kazakh State National University, Candidate of Legal Sciences.

The name of one other scholar was also included, but I have omitted it because he immediately declined to participate in drafting the Civil Code.

Please note that all members of the group were legal scholars — Doctors and Candidates of Legal Sciences — without a single government official among them. All were civil law specialists.

I would also add that the composition of the Working Group responsible for drafting the Special Part of the Civil Code was almost identical.

4. For the sake of illustration, I will also provide a list of the members of the Expert Advisory Council on the Draft Constitution of 1995.
Resolution of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan
“On the Expert Advisory Council under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the Draft New Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan”
For the purpose of analyzing and conducting an independent expert review of the draft new Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, I HEREBY RESOLVE:
1. To establish an Expert Advisory Council under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan with the following membership:

Y.G. Basin — Professor at the Kazakh State Law Institute of the Ministry of Justice, Doctor of Legal Sciences;

V.A. Kim — Head of the Department of State Law at Kazakh State National University, Doctor of Legal Sciences;

K.A. Kolpakov — Personal Representative of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the Supreme Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Candidate of Legal Sciences;

A.K. Kotov — Deputy Director of the Research Center for Private Law of the Kazakh State Law Institute of the Ministry of Justice, Doctor of Legal Sciences;

B.A. Mukhamedzhanov — Head of the Department of Legislative Initiatives and Legal Expertise of the Office of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan;

E.K. Nurpeisov — Rector of the Kazakh State Law Institute of the Ministry of Justice, Candidate of Legal Sciences;

G.S. Sapargaliyev — Director of the Institute of State and Law, Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan;

M.K. Suleimenov — Director of the Research Center for Private Law of the Kazakh State Law Institute of the Ministry of Justice, Corresponding Member of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Scientific Director);

N.A. Shaikenov — Minister of Justice, Doctor of Legal Sciences.

To appoint, subject to their agreement, the following foreign experts:

S.S. Alekseev — Chairperson of the Academic Council of a Research Center of the Russian Federation;

Jacques Attali — Adviser to the Council of State of France;

Roland Dumas — President of the Constitutional Council of France.

2. To instruct the Expert Advisory Council to examine and summarize the comments and proposals made during the nationwide public discussion of the draft new Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

President of the Republic of Kazakhstan
N. Nazarbayev
Almaty, May 22, 1995No. 2292 [1].

It should be added that the members of the Expert Advisory Council did not draft the Constitution themselves; they merely conducted an expert review of it.
The draft was prepared by a small team led by the Minister of Justice, Doctor of Legal Sciences and Professor Nagashibay Amangaleevich Shaikenov.
5. It is therefore entirely inevitable that the same will happen in this particular case of recodifying the Civil Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan: some small group will ultimately be responsible for drafting the text of the new Civil Code.
And I am almost certain that the Minister of Justice (or the Vice-Minister) will take the easiest route and assign this task to the Institute of Legislation.
However, judging by the membership list of the Interdepartmental Working Group on the Improvement of Civil Legislation, only five people at the Institute of Legislation specialize in civil law. Of these, only E.V. Nesterova and S.V. Skryabin possess, in my opinion, the experience and qualifications necessary to undertake such a responsible task.
Nevertheless, I doubt that the two of them (or even all five) would be able to accomplish very much.
After all, this is not just another law — it is the Civil Code!

Conclusions
1. Thus, there are two approaches to addressing the issue of recodifying the Civil Code.
The first approach. A Working Group is established by a Presidential Decree or Government Resolution and consists exclusively of civil law scholars, moreover, scholars of the highest qualifications.
This approach has been demonstrated in Ukraine, Moldova, and Uzbekistan, as well as in Kazakhstan during the preparation of the draft of the current Civil Code.
The second approach. An interdepartmental group is established by an Order of the Prime Minister or the Minister of Justice, consisting mainly of heads of various organizations that have nothing whatsoever to do with civil legislation, and this group is then instructed to carry out the recodification (!) of the Civil Code.
It is obvious to everyone that this interdepartmental group will serve no useful purpose, and ultimately the work will be performed by a small group whose members will not necessarily be drawn exclusively from the interdepartmental group.
So why create all this unnecessary bureaucracy? Would it not have been simpler to establish, from the very outset, a small group consisting exclusively of genuine civil law scholars?
2. The question of timeframes. It is easy to see that in Ukraine and Moldova, the process has taken five to six years. Even so, the Civil Code of Ukraine has not yet been adopted in its entirety.
In Uzbekistan, the President attempted in 2019 to impose a one-year deadline, but the initiative failed spectacularly. The new version of the Civil Code has still not been adopted.
I sincerely hope that the Ministry of Justice will not set a deadline of one or two years for preparing a new version of the Civil Code.
Such an instruction would be ill-considered and impossible to fulfill. At least five to six years would be required merely to prepare the initial draft of the Civil Code.
3. Non-interference by government officials. Ideally, a Working Group consisting exclusively of civil law scholars should operate with complete autonomy, free from any interference by government officials.
This was the situation in our country when we were preparing the draft of the current Civil Code.
We were entirely independent of any interference, thanks to the wise position taken by the then Minister of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Doctor of Legal Sciences and Professor N.A. Shaikenov.
It is clear that such a situation is absolutely impossible under present-day conditions.
4. Before drafting the text of a new Civil Code, it is necessary to develop a Concept for the Renewal of the Civil Code, as was done in Ukraine.
In our country, this has not even been mentioned.
5. And the principal conclusion I have reached as a result of analyzing the procedure for recodifying the Civil Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan is as follows.
Under the present circumstances (circumstances created by the ill-considered actions of the Ministry of Justice), recodification is, in my opinion, impossible.
Of course, one could, for example, translate the new version of the Ukrainian Civil Code from Ukrainian and adopt it in its entirety.
But even this would be impossible without a thorough analysis of that version of the Civil Code by civil law scholars, since we would need to take into account the particular features of our own Civil Code, the theories of civil law upon which it is based, and the traditions of national legislation.
It is precisely for this reason that I oppose the recodification of the Civil Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Under the present circumstances, in order to avoid causing irreparable harm to our legal system, I believe that the most reasonable and appropriate course of action would be to abandon recodification and confine ourselves to modernizing the Civil Code by introducing primarily targeted amendments, including amendments of a conceptual nature, to the existing Civil Code, while preserving its basic structure and substance.
This is precisely the approach embodied in the 37-page Proposals of the Research Institute of Private Law at Caspian University for the Improvement of Civil Legislation, submitted to the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan on July 15, 2026.

[1] The text of the Resolution was published in Sovety Kazakhstana, a national socio-political newspaper, May 25, 1995, No. 56 (863). See also: Resolution of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 2292 of March 22, 1995, “On the Expert Advisory Council under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the Draft New Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan” // 10 Years of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Astana, 2005. pp. 9–10.